Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering
DC/AC circuit theorems, PN diodes, rectifiers, BJT & MOSFET switches/amplifiers, Op-Amps, and hardware lab practicals.
Module I: Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits
Ohm's law, KCL, KVL, Mesh and Nodal analysis, Thevenin's, Norton's, and Superposition theorems.
Click Any Topic Below to Open Rendered LaTeX Study Note:
1. Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
Statement: The algebraic sum of currents entering and leaving any electrical node is strictly zero (Law of Conservation of Electric Charge):
2. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
Statement: The algebraic sum of all voltages (potential drops and electromotive forces) around any closed loop is zero (Law of Conservation of Energy):
3. Verification Circuit (Experiment 2 Lab Manual)
For a two-loop circuit powered by source VS = 12 ext{V} with branch resistors R1 = 1 ext{k}Omega, R2 = 2.2 ext{k}Omega, R3 = 3.3 ext{k}Omega:
- Calculate nodal potential VA at common junction:
- Branch currents:
1. Thevenin's Theorem
Any linear two-terminal DC network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit containing:
- An open-circuit voltage source Vth.
- A series internal resistance Rth.
2. Norton's Theorem
Any linear two-terminal network can be replaced by:
- A short-circuit current source IN.
- A parallel internal resistance RN = Rth.
3. Steps to Calculate Rth
- Deactivate all independent sources:
- Voltage sources o Short circuit (0 ext{ V}).
- Current sources o Open circuit (0 ext{ A}).
- Compute equivalent resistance across open terminals A-B.
1. Superposition Theorem
In any linear bilateral network containing multiple independent sources, the response in any branch is the algebraic sum of the responses caused by each independent source acting alone:
2. Maximum Power Transfer (MPT) Theorem
A resistive load RL connected across a linear network receives maximum power when the load resistance equals the Thevenin resistance:
Maximum Power Formula:
Efficiency under maximum power transfer is strictly eta = 50%.